Planted tanks: substrate and CO2 are the real decision

The planted-tank conversation this year is still the same split. Low-tech tanks on inert gravel, with easy plants and a modest light, stay stable for people who do not want a gas bottle in the cabinet. High-tech tanks on active soil, with CO2 and a stronger light, grow stem plants that a low-tech tank will not hold.

Active soils drop the KH and feed the roots for the first year. They also need a plan for when that buffer runs out. Inert substrates need root tabs or a richer water column.

Pick the maintenance you will actually do, then choose the plants. The other way around is how a beautiful scape turns into algae by week six.